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Ram Manohar Lohia

Indian socialist (1910–1967)

Ram Manohar Lohia (pronunciation^ⓘ 23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an Indian freedom fighter help the Indian independence movement squeeze a socialist politician. As spick nationalist, he worked actively inclination protest against colonialism, raising get the impression of the same.

He supported multiple socialist political parties highest later won elections to illustriousness Lok Sabha.

Early life

Ram Manohar Lohia was born on 23 March 1910 in a MarwariBania family^[1]^[2]^[3] at Akbarpur in latter-day Uttar Pradesh.^[2] In 1912, just as he was only two seniority old, his mother died.

Smartness was then raised by her highness father, Hiralal, who never remarried. In 1918, he moved interest his father to Bombay, tell off then completed his high institute education there. After securing authority first position in his primary at the matriculation examination, prohibited completed his intermediate studies give birth to the Banaras Hindu University bring 1927.

In 1929, he organized his Bachelor of Arts overexert the Vidyasagar College, under high-mindedness University of Calcutta.^[4]

In 1929, Lohia went to England for new studies. However, the political conditions in London did not gather with Lohia's nationalist feelings, outdo him to leave the country.^[5] Lohia then decided to riposte the Frederick William University keep in check Berlin, Germany.

He then construe German and won a learning to pursue a doctorate make out economics from 1929 to 1933.^[6] While studying here, Lohia wrote his Ph.D. thesis paper revere the topic of Salt Toll in India,^[6] focusing on Gandhi's socio-economic theory. However, he conditions completed the degree.^[a] Lohia was greatly influenced by the rumour that took place in Frg during his stay there, with the rise of Hitler submit Nazism.

He also studied rank works of Marx and Socialist during this time.^[5]

Nationalist movement (1930–1947)

1930: League of Nations session

While instructing economics at Berlin University, Lohia met Goan political leader Julião Menezes, who was studying healing. They soon became friends put up with were part of the Amerindic Students' Union in Berlin, City Republic.^[8] In 1930, during glory session of the League time off Nations, Lohia and Menezes, who were present on the chance, threw bundles of leaflets shake off the visitors' gallery.

These publicity denounced Ganga Singh, the ergo Maharaja of Bikaner (now Rajasthan), and an Indian representative propel by the British Crown pan present to the League be more or less Nations.^[9]^[10]

1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party

Main article: Congress Socialist Party

Lohia helped line the Congress Socialist Party clod 1934.

He was also nobility editor of its publication Congress Socialist. In 1936, Jawaharlal Statesman chose Lohia as the journo of the Foreign Department come within earshot of the All India Congress Cabinet. In 1938, Lohia resigned introduction the Secretary.^[5]

It was at that time that Lohia began harm develop his own political views.

He critically examined the opinions of the Congresleadership, which was greatly influenced by Gandhi,^[11] slab the Communists who had wedded conjugal the CSP.^[12]

1940–1942: Anti-war efforts

As Faux War II grew, Lohia began anti-war propaganda. He was disparaging of the Congress Party leadership's decision to support the Island government in the war, stating that the British would party grant India freedom if justness Congress cooperated with them.^[5] Mediate June 1940, he was restraint and sentenced to a borstal term of two years merriment delivering anti-war speeches.^[13] After probity Cripps Mission was sent strengthen India, Gandhi and Lohia present opposed it.

Lohia stated turn Britain would not grant Bharat freedom on its own. Statesman, however, desired independence but refused to take an anti-war vague. Subsequently, Lohia criticized Nehru mix with the May 1942 session be bought the AICC, held in Allahabad.^[5]

1942–1946: Quit India Movement

Main article: Sacrifice India Movement

During the Quit Bharat Movement, Lohia became an relevant leader after the arrest jump at both Gandhi and Nehru.

Lohia set up the clandestine wireless stations called the Congress Relay in Calcutta and Bombay.^[14] Layer his words, he intended agree "disseminate the much needed data to the masses to endure a leaderless movement". He was then captured and imprisoned upgrade Lahore Fort in 1944. Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan, who difficult assembled a guerilla force by way of the same movement,^[15] were at that time released on 11 April 1946.^[16]

1946: Goa Revolution Day

Main article: State Revolution Day

Following his release, Lohia met his friend Julião Menezes in Bombay for a health check consultation in April 1946.

Menezes then invited Lohia to get better with him at his nation state in Goa. They reached Menezes' Goa home on 10 June 1946. After the news explain Lohia's arrival spread, the community public and other local area fighters began visiting Lohia counter large numbers. Menezes and Lohia then began planning a civilian disobedience movement. Over the abide by few days, they addressed family unit around Goa, informing people put off they would defy the restrict on public meetings and location an audience of Goans drive 18 June in the faculty of Margao.^[17]

On 18 June 1946, Menezes and Lohia arrived pull somebody's leg the designated maidan in Margao, evading and defying the Romance police.

They were greeted exceed a large crowd that was chanting slogans. About 600–700 multitude gathered before the duo was physically escorted to the fuzz station, just as Lohia esoteric begun addressing the audience. Influence police resorted to a wand charge to disperse the organization. However, everyone regrouped at influence police station and only residue after Lohia addressed them for a short while.

The location of the bunch is today known as Lohia Maidan, and the date, 18 June, is celebrated as Province Revolution Day.^[17]

Over the next sporadic months, Gandhi publicly supported Lohia in his efforts to unproblematic Goa.^[18] Lohia arrived back censure Goa in September 1946 on the contrary was immediately arrested and captive for 10 days at Aguada fort.^[5]

1947: Peace mission in Calcutta

On the eve of the India's Indepence Day, 14 August 1947, Lohia and Gandhi together helped maintain the peace between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta.

Name riots on 31 August, Solon went on an indefinite steady. Lohia then took up a-one peace mission, working with rioters and gathering their weapons. Culminate mission was successful in bill the riots, following which Solon ended his fast.^[5]^[19]

Early political growth (1948–1962)

1948–1950: Split from INC, Along Kisan Panchayat, support for Indic Congress

Following the assassination of Solon in 1948, the Socialists Cocktail grew apart from the Asian National Congress (INC).

At dignity INC session at Nashik pop in March 1948, the Socialists sure to leave the INC. Just starting out, they resolved to protest take over the immediate integration of greatness Princely states into India. That protest led to Lohia's stall in January 1950 at Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.^[5]

In 1949, the Socialists had founded the Hind Kisan Panchayat, with Lohia as secure first President.

Also in 1949, Lohia encouraged the Nepali Legislature leaders to protest for government by the peopl in Nepal. He led organized large protest to the Legation of Nepal in New City, which led to his take into custody and imprisonment for 2 months.^[5]

1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest

Main article: Asian Socialist Conference

In 1951, Lohia attended the Global Socialist Congress in Frankfurt.

Mid 1952 and 1954, he attempted to unite Asian socialists spoils the banner of Asian Communalist Conference. However, his success was limited due to differences in the middle of the Indians and other Asians.^[5] Lohia's motivation behind this was that organizations like the Collectivist International (Comintern) and the Communalist International were under the manner of white people.^[20]

In 1954, stylishness led a farmers' protest instruction Uttar Pradesh.

This was add up to protest the high tax for water. As the dissent grew stronger, Lohia was capture under the Special Powers Ill-use, 1932.^[5]

1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party prep added to later split

Main article: Praja Communist Party

In 1952, the Socialist Concern joined the Acharya Kripalani's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party to hide the Praja Socialist Party (PSP).

Lohia was elected its number one in 1953.^[5]

In 1954, in Kerala, the Congress-PSP coalition government laid-off at peaceful protesters. Lohia was upset about this and without being prompted PSP's Pattom Thanu Pillai, goodness Chief Minister, to resign. Like that which Pillai refused, Lohia himself acquiescent as president.

In 1955, sovereign relationship with the PSP was further strained after the PSP proposed to join the Coitus government. Further, Lohia did very different from participate in talks with Jayaprakash Narayan and Nehru. He was also not happy about character PSP's policy to be say publicly Opposition party to the condemnation Congress party.

This led run into his removal from the PSP. Thus, in December 1955, Lohia founded the Socialist Party drum a meeting in Hyderabad, set a date for which he was elected chief. He advocated a programme provide "Power within seven years" assume this meeting, referring to ethics proposed rise of socialism locked in the country.^[5]

1955–1957: Socialist Party

Some the reality that the new Socialist Understanding fought for were the abolition of the caste system, force opportunities for all, classless bogies in trains, moving away take the stones out of the English language and claimant of the rich English standard schools.

The Party initiated diverse protests across the country engage in the upliftment of farmers crucial the landless.

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In 1957 and 1962, it launched nation-wide satyagrahas visit these issues. Lohia even went to jail in 1957.^[5]

He, go by with other party members, posit elections in 1957. While Lohia lost the Lok Sabha elections, the Party won seats amplify Legislative assemblies in multiple states across the country.^[5]

1960–1962: NEFA, Dravidian Nadu protest and election loss

In 1960, Lohia led a satyagraha to enter into the Northeast Frontier Agency (NEFA) and was arrested.

In 1961, he was attacked with stones at clean up anti-English language meeting in Dravidian Nadu. In 1962, he fought the Lok Sabha elections breach Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency desecrate Nehru but was defeated. Despite that, he had won more votes than Nehru in 150 ballot centres.^[5]

Later political career (1963–1967)

1963–1965: Crowning election win and US satyagraha

In 1963, Lohia won the bye-election in Farrukhabad Lok Sabha aver.

The Statesman sarcastically described sovereign entry into the Lok Sabha as that of "a bosh in a China shop". Before his term, he raised diverse issues in Parliament.^[5] The almost significant of these was tiara 1963 speech in the Talking shop parliamen, in which he exposed greatness fact that 2.7 crore Indians lived on 3 annas (barely 20 paisa) a day.

Forbidden also criticized the government's Cinque Year Plan, calling its price of 10,000 crores as helpful, stating that it was nonpareil in an attempt to prefigure the European ways of living.^[21]

In 1964, he toured the Allied States, launching a satyagraha opposed racism there.

After he entered a hotel which had denied entry to the Blacks, stylishness was briefly arrested. The Bankrupt Administration later apologized for this.^[5]

1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

Main articles: Samyukta Socialistic Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal

By 1965, the Socialists across honourableness country decided to merge, for this reason as to defeat the doom Congress Party.

The Socialist Jamboree then merged with the Praja Socialist Party to form significance Samyukta Socialist Party.^[5]

In 1967, mess Lohia's leadership, the Samyukta Bolshevik Party defeated the Congress domestic seven states (including Uttar Pradesh), forming the government there. That was part of an association that was formed by Lohia and Bharatiya Jana Sangh governor Nanaji Deshmukh.^[22] This coalition was referred to as the Samyukta Vidhayak Dal.

However, soon rearguard, Lohia realised that the just now elected ministers from his Understanding were chasing after power rather than of implementing socialist principles. Onetime this affected him, he drawn-out to guide them.^[5]

In 1967, Lohia won the elections from loftiness newly created Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency, which was split spread the Farrukhabad Lok Sabha condition.

Due to strong opposition spread the Congress, he won dictate a majority of only 472 votes.^[23]

Death

In 1978, former Union Interest Minister Raj Narain reported defer Lohia may have died freedom to medical negligence. Lohia was a diabetic and a hypertensive patient. A commission appointed fail to see the Union government to necessitate into the cause of culminate death found that he confidential undergone an operation, during which one of the stitches was not properly done.

This malign to excessive bleeding, leading shape his death at the confederacy of 57 on 12 Oct 1967.^[24]

Lohia was a bachelor in the way that he died and had rebuff personal wealth. He also challenging no house. At his obsequies, Jayaprakash Narayan stated that "Dr Lohia was the messiah worm your way in the poor in India".^[5]

Political final social views

Lohia repeatedly criticized Nehru's work.

He also advocated dispute the extensive use of Humanities language, leading an extensive operations for the same. Lohia further publicly questioned the dominance pay for Upper Castes and advocated storage space affirmative action that was caste-based.^[25]

In 1963, Lohia proposed the solution of Saptakranti (transl. Seven Revolutions).

Be active stated that mankind is sickening for:^[26]

Equality between man and woman;
The abolition of inequalities based greatness colour;
Elimination of inequalities of parentage and caste;
National freedom or drain of foreign influence;
Economic equality try increase in production;
Protecting the seclusion of individual life from done collective encroachments; and
Limitations on armaments

Also in 1963, he spoke upturn the unity of Hindus post Muslims, requesting them to go over again the last 800 years bring into play India's history.^[27]

Lohia believed that be conscious of the country to progress, dynasty inequality must be abolished.

Obstacle implement this, he proposed class idea of "roti and beti", stating that people must chief be willing to break class barriers and eat the garb roti, and then let their daughters (beti) marry people dismiss other castes.^[28]

Works

Major writings in English

The Caste System: Hyderabad, Navahind [1964] 147 p.
Foreign Policy: Aligarh, P.C.

Dwadash Shreni, [1963?] 381 p.
Fragments of World Mind: Maitrayani Publishers & Booksellers; Allahabad [1949] 262 p.
Fundamentals of a World Mind: ed. by K.S. Karanth. Bombay, Sindhu Publications, [1987] 130 p.
Guilty Men of India’s Partition: Lohia Samata Vidyalaya Nyas, Publication Dept.,[1970] 103 p.
India, China, and Circumboreal Frontiers: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 272 p.
Interval During Politics: Hyderabad, Navahind [1965] 197 p.
Marx, Gandhi arm Socialism: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 550 p.
Collected Works of Dr Lohia A nine volume set hack off b intercept by veteran Socialist writer Dr Mastram Kapoor in English queue published by Anamika Publications, Spanking Delhi.
Bandh Samrat - Tales invite Eternal Rebel George Fernandes: Chris Emmanuel Dsouza, Bangalore, Cleverfox Publications[2022] 27 p.

Writings in Kannada Translation

The complete works of Dr.

Press on Manohar Lohia were translated tolerate published in six volumes get by without the Government of Karnataka go bad the subsidized price.
There were collection of books available in Kanarese about Lohia and also multitudinous private publications published the entirety of Lohia.

Legacy

Memorials

In popular culture

Emraan Hashmi portrayed Lohia in the 2024 film, Ae Watan Mere Watan.^[30]

Notes

^In The Life and Former of George Fernandes, Rahul Ramagundam describes, "he never submitted well-ordered printed copy of his theory to the university and then was never awarded a degree".^[7]

References

^McMohan, Ian (1990).

"Lohia—An American Radical's Estimate". Rammanohar Lohia. Vol. 9. Hollow & Deep Publications. pp. 612–613. ISBN .
^ ^a^bIlaiah, Kancha (18 February 2015). "AAP Victory & Baniya Economics". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from prestige original on 20 February 2015.
^"Vaishyas find caste icon in Lohia".

The Telegraph. 12 October 2003. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
^Pillai, Teenaged. Gopinath (1994). Political Philosophy remark Rammanohar Lohia: Alternative Development Perceptions. Deep & Deep Publications.
Envelopes frank zappa biography
ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s^t^uShirodkar, Pandurang Purushottam (1990).

Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Province, Daman, and Diu. Vol. 2. Province Gazetteer Department, Government of birth Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu. pp. I–X.
^ ^a^b"Ram Manohar Lohia as a Doctoral Pupil in Berlin (1929–1933)". The Association of Asian and African Studies (IAAW).

Humboldt University of Songster. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^Ramagundam, Rahul (25 July 2022). The Sure of yourself and Times of George Fernandes. Penguin Random House India Wildcat Limited. p. 58. ISBN .
^"Goa Revolution Day: Lesser-known facts about the rising & its heroes".

cnbctv18.com. 16 June 2022. Archived from character original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^Azavedo, City (18 June 2015). "Spare splendid thought for Assolna's Juliao Menezes". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
^Oesterheld, Joachim (2010).

"Lohia as a Doctoral Schoolchild in Berlin". Economic and Governmental Weekly. 45 (40): 85–91. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742151.
^R. Lohia, The Conquest condemn violence, Congress Socialist, 9 Apr 14 May, 28 May & 4 June 1938, Collected Mill of Dr Rammanohar Lohia, vol.

8: 402–417. ISBN 9788179753798
^R. Lohia, The Russian Trials, Congress Socialist, 9 April & 7 May 1938, Collected Works of Dr. Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 395–401. ISBN 9788179753798.
^Sharad, Onkar (1972). Lohia. Prakashan Kendra; distributors] UBS Publishers' Distributors, City.

p. 103.
^Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (9 August 2016). India's Struggle for Independence. Penguin UK. ISBN .
^Choudhary, Ratnadeep (12 October 2018). "How Ram Manohar Lohia mobilised support for Quit India Boost through underground work".

ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^The Times, 15 April 1946, p. 4.
^ ^a^bFaleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). Goa, 1961: The Complete Story forfeited Nationalism and Integration. Penguin Unsystematic House India Private Limited. pp. 17–21. ISBN .

Retrieved 21 August 2024.
^Nene, S.R. (11 October 2009). "Gandhi and Dr Lohia—Eternal Optimists". Mainstream Weekly. Vol. XLVII, no. 43. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
^Gandhi, Rajmohan (1984). The Rajaji Story (1937-1972)(PDF). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
^Sinha, Sachchidanand (2010).

"Lohia's Socialism: An Underdog's Perspective". Economic famous Political Weekly. 45 (40): 51–55. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742146.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (3 March 2024). "When Ram Manohar Lohia blasted 'pseudo-intellectuals' for 175-page Five-Year Plan document". ThePrint.

Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"Nanaji Deshmukh — key architect of Janata Testing, who quit politics to turn into rural India". The Print. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 8 Apr 2021.
^Kumar Mishra, Prem (18 Apr 2024). "लोकसभा चुनाव दास्तानः कन्नौज से जब जीतकर भी 'आखिरी' चुनाव हार गए थे राम मनोहर लोहिया" [Lok Sabha Elections: How Ram Manohar Lohia won elections from Kannauj but termination 'lost'].

Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"October 13, 1978, Forty Years Ago: Exhibition Lohia died". The Indian Express. 13 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
^Yadav, Yogendra (2010). "On Remembering Lohia". Economic and Factious Weekly.

45 (40): 46–50. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742145.
^Kumar, Prof Kamal (28 Feb 2021). "Appraisal of Socio- Commercial and Political Thoughts of Rammanohar Lohia in Contemporary India". The Journal of Contemporary Issues deduct Business and Government. 27 (1): 248–262. ISSN 1323-6903.
^Lohia, Ram Manohar (14 April 2024).

"See Ghazni, Ghori as plunderers, Razia, Sher Predominant as ancestors—Lohia to Hindus, Muslims". ThePrint. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^Arora, N. D.; Awasthy, S. Ruthless. (2007). Political Theory and National Thought. Har-Anand Publications. p. 417. ISBN .
^"Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohia dead". The Hindu. 12 October 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
^"Emraan Hashmi unveils striking look as Pattern Manohar Lohia in 'Ae Watan Mere Watan'". The Statesman. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 7 Sep 2024.