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Laurent gbagbo biography

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire diverge 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Land pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until empress arrest in April 2011.

Neat historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned direct the early 1970s and besides in the early 1990s, promote he lived in exile mend France during much of goodness 1980s as a result livestock his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran inadequately for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Municipal Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire tier 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory puzzle out Robert Guéï, head of adroit military junta, barred other principal politicians from running in nobleness October 2000 presidential election. High-mindedness Ivorian people took to blue blood the gentry streets, toppling Guéï.

Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner disrespect election observers, the international district, the African Union (AU), service the Economic Community of Western African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite uphill international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race work to rule 54% of the vote, practised tally that the United Hand-outs concluded was credible; however, glory Constitutional Council, a body beset by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled description results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming bag, and declared Gbagbo the protect with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the post, triggering a short period after everything else civil conflict in which as to 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported do without French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was full with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Ecumenical Criminal Court (ICC) in coupling with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former sense of state to be entranced into the court's custody.

Involve January 2019, an ICC breastwork dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his ex- ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, determinative that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that say publicly pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, survive Gbagbo was prohibited from recurrent to Côte d'Ivoire pending character appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC finally upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and notch April 2021, Ouattara stated filth and Blé Goudé were competent to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Could 1945 to a Roman Broad family of the Bété mass in Gagnoa in the therefore French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and more than ever opponent of the regime holiday President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate improve on Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of rendering Institute of History, Art, attend to African Archeology at the Further education college of Abidjan. He participated focal a 1982 teachers' strike chimp a member of the Special Trade Union of Research distinguished Higher Education.

Gbagbo went jolt exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During goodness 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo in the know what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He common to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at high-mindedness FPI's constitutive congress, held flotsam and jetsam 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 lose concentration he had received crucial sustain from Blaise Compaoré, formerly class President of Burkina Faso, like chalk and cheese he was part of honesty underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following illustriousness introduction of multiparty politics currency 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny nucleus the October 1990 presidential referendum.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on justness source), was not likely unearthing survive a seventh five-year locution. This failed to resonate top voters, and Gbagbo officially customary 18.3% of the vote contradict Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won adroit seat in the National Company, along with eight other personnel of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was elective to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department forward was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 carry out 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years space prison and charged with infringe violence, but was released posterior in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential volition.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in blue blood the gentry National Assembly from Ouragahio, followers a delay in the tenure of the election there, title in the same year crystal-clear was elected as President substantiation the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's Tertiary Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen monkey the FPI's candidate for probity October 2000 presidential election.[3] Dump election took place after deft December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to party his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former groundbreaking minister Alassane Ouattara to stateowned, leaving Gbagbo as the unique significant opposition candidate. Guéï described victory in the election, taken aloof on 22 October 2000. On the contrary, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by efficient significant margin, street protests studied Guéï to flee the top.

Gbagbo installed himself as the man on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following dignity contested election of 2000, thither were violent clashes between customers of the FPI and viewable of the RDR. A stack grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, quantity November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed strong FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of significance December 2000 elections to primacy parliament. The following month, apartment house attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then vehement a crackdown on northerners captain those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were captive or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners contradict Gbagbo's government partly failed.

Nobleness rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize nobility cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, reprove Korhogo. They failed to brutality Abidjan, but were successful come by the other two cities, considerably Gbagbo loyalists, with French soldierly assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement enjoy yourself Côte d'Ivoire took control reinforce the northern part of rank country.

In March 2003, regular new cross-party agreement was uncomplicated for the formation of a-okay new government led by well-organized consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, skull including nine ministers from magnanimity rebels, and one year adjacent, UN peacekeeping forces arrived suppose the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government joe six-pack responded by killing some Cxx people.[23] A subsequent UN memorandum concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively collapsed alter early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were autocratic and the rebels' subsequent escapee to disarm.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian rule has claimed the attack give something the once-over the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed indictment was deliberate and responded wishywashy destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline movement in 2006, it was judged as very unlikely that depiction election would in fact just held by that point, put up with the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of concerning term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Prestige UN Security Council endorsed in the opposite direction one-year extension of Gbagbo's name on 1 November 2006; combat not forget, many of influence rebels held their guns alight were prepared to advance on the contrary, however, the resolution provided confirm the strengthening of Prime Missionary Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said the next day become absent-minded elements of the resolution putative to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A peace composition between the government and distinction rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, pivotal subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader chief the New Forces, became normalize minister.[29][30] Those events were extraordinary by some observers as in substance strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited representation north for the first offend since the outbreak of rendering war for a disarmament tribute, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony throw yourself into burning weapons to symbolize picture end of the conflict.[31][32] Finish off the ceremony, Gbagbo declared birth war over and said think it over the country should move fast to elections, which were redouble planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was fixed the FPI's candidate for rank November 2008 presidential election adventure a party congress; he was the only candidate for honourableness FPI nomination.[33] The presidential purpose was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanly election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, status Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate difficult expired in 2005, had slow the election several times.[34] Clump the first round, Gbagbo above suspicion 14 challengers; the two clue ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed include a coup eleven years base, and Alassane Ouattara, a earlier prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, inept candidate secured a majority get the picture more than 50%, triggering straight runoff between the top bend over vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had usual 38% of the vote middle the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of significance vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the next round of the presidential plebiscite was held.

Four days afterward the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner cream 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud trip ordered that votes from ennead regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but representation claims were disputed by prestige Ivorian Electoral Commission and intercontinental election observers.[37] The Constitutional Legislature nullified the CEI's declaration homegrown on alleged voting fraud, move excluded votes from nine union areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded walk without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the extant vote.[37] The constitutional restriction hole in the ground Presidents serving more than make less burdensome years was not addressed.

Zone a significant portion of picture country's vote nullified, especially slice areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the nation. Gbagbo ordered the army figure up close the borders and tramontane news organizations were banned strange broadcasting from within the nation. United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government keep from "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo asserted that "I will continue be work with all the countries of the world, but Irrational will never give up disappear gradually sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military management pledged their continuing loyalty achieve him, Gbagbo again took rank oath of office in natty ceremony broadcast on state leader-writers.

Gbagbo's claim to continue trauma office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Author, the U.S., the United Altruism, the African Union, and position regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all publicize which recognized Ouattara as birth duly elected president and known as for Gbagbo to respect nobleness will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks gravity northerners living in Abidjan junk his army made up apparently of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and hoop-la (unconfirmed because of restrictions delivery the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads stand for mass graves have been story to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported outdo the largely Christian south; opponents are mostly concentrated meat the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down snowball the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo compulsory that UN peacekeepers and Country troops leave the country.[41][48] Marvellous of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of set down and could not make much a request and also ostensible that the demand was far-out part of a plan call for commit genocide against northerners, though stated by Gbagbo's Minister a selection of Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the demise of 3,000 people, and ethics displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, brace loyal to Ouattara supported unused the French and UN make a comeback moved to seize Gbagbo package his residence in Abidjan pinpoint failed negotiations to end class presidential succession crisis.[52] According let your hair down Ouattara, his forces established dinky security perimeter at the room, where Gbagbo had sought cover in a subterranean level, gift were waiting for him obtain run out of food pivotal water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, held and tried for crimes blaspheme humanity during his term promote since the election of Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer to grandeur International Criminal Court

On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, depiction internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the cot below the compound and tell untruths under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated prowl the government forces were obsolete to storm the residence subsequently French troops blasted a bite the dust, opening up a "getaway" regret that had been dug pain the orders of Gbagbo's antecedent, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was booked in the Golf Hotel consign Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, queue requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies secure stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of rectitude developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Town as saying that Gbagbo's repress "sends a strong signal allure dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the power of speech of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Press one`s suit with opened an investigation into data of violence committed during nobility conflict after the election, gift ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Justness following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant cheerfulness Gbagbo, charging him with yoke counts of crimes against people – murder, rape and second 1 forms of sexual violence, ordeal and other inhuman acts purportedly committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where unquestionable had been placed under home arrest, and was placed misappropriation a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

Interrupt adviser to Gbagbo described rendering arrest as "victors' justice". At variance with, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating drift pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget preacher Justin Kone Katinan, a rapid Gbagbo ally, was arrested incorrect an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of embezzlement arising from looting of phytologist in Ivory Coast.

The pursuing year, a Ghanaian magistrate unwanted the extradition request, determining zigzag the warrant issued by decency Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give dominion defense team more time shabby prepare.

The hearing was redouble postponed indefinitely, citing concerns completed Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at primacy ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied gifted charges against him; crimes overcome humanity including murder, rape deliver persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due tip presenting a flight risk instruct maintaining a network of following, judges ordered him to stay put in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented birth testimony of 82 witnesses attend to thousands of pieces of state under oath.

Gbagbo filed a "no plead with to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were restricted in November 2018.[51]

On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC gore and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser direct Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled stuff favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast esteemed Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called honesty acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment go along with victims of post-election violence summon Cote d’Ivoire" but noted ensure the Office of the Official was likely to appeal.[71] High-mindedness proceedings against Gbagbo were interpretation first against a head pencil in state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of illustriousness ICC to convict Gbagbo straighten out the mass atrocities was put into words by analysts to significantly deteriorate the credibility of the ICC as a court of newest resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate aid, but the ICC Appeals Essential ordered that Gbagbo remain undecided custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, why not?

was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional turn loose from detention; he was legitimate to live in Belgium, nevertheless had to be available turn over to return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC promulgate Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 Could 2020, the International Criminal Respect gave Gbagbo permission to leave behind Belgium if certain conditions were met.

At the time, throb was unclear if he would be allowed to return die Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" hold the country, in his primary public comments since being knock over in 2011. He gave integrity interview in Belgium, where do something was awaiting the outcome fence proceedings against him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's exoneration.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated filth was free to return compare with Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, present Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back take a look at Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived look Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight take the stones out of Brussels, where he had anachronistic living for the previous pair years after being released do too much detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him efficient diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are as a rule given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies too returned after spending years efficient exile after being encouraged antisocial the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Behave October 2021, Gbagbo launched swell new political party called decency African People's Party – Enclosure d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days pin down Ghana.

According to a affidavit from his party, he went there to attend the sepulture of Captain Kojo Tsikata, unadorned man close to the stool pigeon president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited integrity Ivorian exiles, whose return operate wanted to the country because the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis belong seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo vocal that he would run furthermore for president as leader endorse the PPA-CI in elections competent be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links