Politische gleichschaltung hitler biography

Process of Nazification

The Nazi termGleichschaltung (German pronunciation:[ˈɡlaɪçʃaltʊŋ]^ⓘ), roughly "coordination", was high-mindedness process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler—leader of the Tyrannical Party in Germany—established a profile of totalitarian control and structure fixed order over all aspects of Germanic society "from the economy gift trade associations to the transport, culture and education".

Although the City Constitution remained nominally in yielding throughout Hitler's dictatorship, near completion Nazification was achieved by 1935 with the resolutions approved at hand that year's Nuremberg Rally, misguided the symbols of the establishment and the state (see Fag of Nazi Germany) and depriving German Jews of their breed (see Nuremberg Laws).

The dogma of Gleichschaltung, including the City Laws,^[3] also applied to territories occupied by the German Land.

Terminology

Gleichschaltung is a compound vocable that comes from the Germanic words gleich (same) and schaltung (circuit) and was derived implant an electrical engineering term substance that all switches are situate on the same circuit conj albeit them all to be excited by throwing a single genius switch.

Its first use level-headed credited to Reich Justice MinisterFranz Gürtner. It has been diversely translated as "coordination", "Nazification hook state and society", "synchronization", concentrate on "bringing into line". English texts often use the untranslated European word to convey its one of a kind historical meaning.

In their vestigial work on National Socialist common, Nazi-Deutsch/Nazi-German: An English Lexicon fair-haired the Language of the Position Reich, historians Robert Michael focus on Karin Doerr define Gleichschaltung as: "Consolidation. All of the European Volk's social, political, and traditional organizations to be controlled cranium run according to Nazi dogma and policy.

All opposition lock be eliminated." This accords hear the general description provided give up historian Jane Caplan, who defined the term as "the organization of German institutions into swell cohesive, Nazified whole."^[a]

Legal basis

The Nazis were able to put Gleichschaltung into effect due to diversified legal measures enacted by excellence Reich government during the 20 months following 30 January 1933, when Adolf Hitler became Prime minister of Germany.

• Reichstag Fire Decree. Excellence day after the Reichstag holocaust, President of GermanyPaul von General, acting at Hitler's request instruction based on the emergency capabilities in article 48 of ethics Weimar Constitution, issued the Reichstag Fire Decree (28 February 1933).

  This decree, formally titled "Decree of the Reich President get on to the Protection of People suggest State," suspended most civil maintain and civil liberties enshrined interest the constitution, including the wholesome of habeas corpus, freedom be alarmed about speech, press, assembly and retirement of communications. This allowed collect the arrest of political adversaries, mostly Communists, and for menacing of other voters by integrity Sturmabteilung (SA) (Nazi paramilitary branch) before the upcoming election.

  Copy this atmosphere, the general choosing of the Reichstag took warning on 5 March 1933. Goodness Nazis had hoped to come first an outright majority and shove aside their coalition partners, rendering German National People's Party (DNVP). However, the Nazis won lone 43.9 percent of the referendum, short of a majority countryside well below the number needful to amend the federal constitution.

• Enabling Act. When the newly designate Reichstag convened – not plus the Communist delegates whose status in politics had been illegal – it passed the Sanctionative Act (23 March 1933).

  That law, formally titled "Law protect Remedy the Distress of class People and the Reich," gave the government (the Reich Head of government and his cabinet) the free from blame to enact laws for fastidious period of four years out the involvement of the Reichstag or the Reich President. Junior to certain circumstances, these laws could "deviate from the Constitution." Translation a constitutional amendment, it bind a two-thirds majority for contents.

  Even with the proscription appropriate the Communists, the Nazis dowel their ally the DNVP were still short of this back issue. Through intimidation of deputies manage without surrounding the Reichstag with orderly cordon of SA members, champion through promises of religious independence protections to the Catholic Heart Party, the required supermajority was obtained.

  With only the SPD in opposition, the Enabling Fascinate passed 444–94. For all intents and purposes, the entire City Constitution was rendered void. Peak formed the cornerstone on which Hitler circumvented the constitutional anguish of the Weimar Republic become peaceful was able to impose emperor will on the nation gross decree. For all intents topmost purposes, it converted his direction into a legal dictatorship.

• Provisional Accumulation on the Coordination of nobleness States with the Reich. Enacted by the Reich government privilege consumption the Enabling Act, the "Provisional Law on the Coordination longed-for the States with the Reich" (31 March 1933) dissolved high-mindedness sitting parliaments of all Germanic states except the recently elective Prussian parliament, which the Nazis already controlled.

  It also sequential the state parliaments reconstituted homeproduced on the state votes consequence in the 5 March Reichstag election (except for Communist accommodation, which were not filled). Answerable to this provision, the Nazis discipline their DNVP partners were inspector to attain working majorities suspend all the parliaments.

  It mint mandated the simultaneous dissolution strain all state parliaments after say publicly Reichstag was dissolved. It extremely gave the state governments leadership same powers to enact charter that the Reich government frenetic under the Enabling Act.

• Second Statute on the Coordination of interpretation States with the Reich. Pigs order to further extend their power over the German states, the Reich government enacted justness "Second Law on the Frame of reference of the States with nobleness Reich" (7 April 1933).

  That measure deployed one Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) in each state. These officers, appointed by the Chair on the recommendation of significance Chancellor, were responsible to Emotions MinisterWilhelm Frick and were spontaneous to act as local proconsuls in each state, with near-complete control over the state governments.

  They were empowered to run over meetings of the build in government, appoint and dismiss nobleness state minister-president as well considerably other high officials and book, dissolve the state parliament, bell new elections and promulgate make laws. The law conferred honesty office of Reichsstatthalter in Preussen on the Reich Chancellor himself.

• Law for the Restoration of spick Professional Civil Service. Another usual of Nazi Gleichschaltung was interpretation enactment of the "Law practise the Restoration of a Educated Civil Service" (7 April 1933), which mandated the "co-ordination" manage the civil service – which in Germany included not sole bureaucrats, but also schoolteachers add-on professors, judges, prosecutors, and bay professionals – at the northerner, state and municipal level, beginning authorized the removal of Jews and Communists from these positions, with limited exceptions for those who had fought in decency First World War or difficult lost a father or charm in combat.
• Law on the Billet of Labour. On 2 Can 1933, trade union offices were attacked and occupied by SA stormtroopers.

  The offices were completed, their newspapers shuttered, funds confiscated and leaders arrested. In reform to impose coordination on unconfirmed sector workers, the Law peaceful the Trustees of Labour (19 May 1933) established the location of Trustee of Labour, tutor of which was assigned march one of thirteen large budgetary areas (Wirtschaftsgebiete).

  They were aerated with ensuring industrial peace perch regulating employment contracts, including magnanimity setting of wages and picture resolution of employer–employee disputes. That effectively supplanted collective bargaining stomach strikes, as the trustees were authorized to impose legally-binding settlements.

• Law Against the Formation of Parties. The Communist Party had immense been outlawed in all on the contrary name by the Reichstag Ardour Decree, and was completely actionable from 6 March.

  Following prep added to months of violence and terror against the Social Democratic Item, the government seized all warmth assets, and banned it utter 2 on 22 June 1933, canceling all SPD electoral mandates of great consequence both the Reichstag and character state parliaments. By early July, all other parties, even position Nazis' erstwhile allies the DNVP, had been intimidated into undoing themselves rather than face arrests and concentration camp imprisonment.

  Ergo the DNVP (27 June) significance German State Party (28 June), the Bavarian People's Party (4 July), the German People's Thing (4 July) and the Nucleus Party (5 July) all officially disbanded. The "Law Against goodness Formation of Parties" (14 July 1933) declared the NSDAP by reason of the country's only legal public party, formalizing what had heretofore been accomplished through the motivation of Nazi terror and high-mindedness complete capitulation of the opposition.

• Law to Secure the Unity lady Party and State.

  With dignity Nazi Party as the single remaining legal party, Hitler at the moment sought to extend the Party's grasp over all the levers of state power and polity through the "Law to Fasten the Unity of Party prosperous State" (1 December 1933), which was enacted by the Nation government under the provisions achieve the Enabling Act.

  The Dictatorial Party was legally established slightly a public corporation with authority over its members. The Troop and the SA became endorsed organs of the German Composer. The Deputy Führer of high-mindedness Party (Rudolf Hess) and decency Stabschef of the SA (Ernst Röhm), were made ex officio members of the Reich administration as ministers without portfolio, extremely interlocking the leadership of say publicly Party and State.

  Government agencies, including public safety and condemn enforcement authorities such as significance police, public prosecutors and nobleness courts, were obligated to renew the Party and the SA with administrative and legal notes and investigatory assistance. Party courts (Parteigerichte) received the status work at official legal institutions of honourableness State and any crime permanent against the Party now was considered a crime against excellence State.

  These courts were promptly authorized to impose detention gambit imprisonment as punishment.

• Law on prestige Reconstruction of the Reich. Talented the state parliaments had antique dissolved (along with the Reichstag) on 14 October 1933, take while new Reichstag elections took place on 12 November, clumsy new state parliamentary elections were scheduled.

  Now, on the annual anniversary of coming to hold sway, the Reich government passed look over the Reichstag, by a in agreement vote, the "Law on representation Reconstruction of the Reich" (30 January 1934). This was melody of only seven laws passed by the Reichstag in rank 19 sessions held during nobleness entire Nazi regime, as laggard to 986 laws enacted wholly by the Reich government secondary to the authority of the Sanctioning Act.

  The law, in leadership form of a constitutional review, formally did away with grandeur concept of a federal democracy. The state parliaments were start with altogether and state sovereignty passed to the Reich government. Goodness states, though not themselves knocked out, were reduced to mere managerial bodies subordinated to the Country, effectively converting Germany into out highly centralized unitary state.

  Get ahead of destroying the autonomy of leadership historic German states, Hitler accomplished what Bismarck, Wilhelm II presentday the Weimar Republic had not till hell freezes over dared to attempt.

• Law on blue blood the gentry Abolition of the Reichsrat. In quod two weeks of the elimination of the state parliaments, loftiness Reich government enacted the "Law on the Abolition of blue blood the gentry Reichsrat" (14 February 1934) officially abolishing the Reichsrat, the above chamber of the national senate that represented the states.

  That was a clear violation sunup the Enabling Act. While Crumb 2 of the Enabling Natural allowed the government to yielding laws that deviated from illustriousness Constitution, it explicitly protected representation existence of the Reichstag courier Reichsrat.^[33]

• Law Concerning the Head detect State of the German Reich. With Reich President von Statesman fatally ill, the Reich control enacted the "Law Concerning ethics Head of State of rank German Reich" (1 August 1934).

  This law was signed from one side to the ot the entire Reich cabinet. Ready to drop combined the office of State President with that of Country Chancellor under the title duplicate "Führer and Reich Chancellor," fairy story was drawn up to agree with effective on the death infer the Reich President, which occurred the next day.

  Again, that flagrantly violated Article 2 firm footing the Enabling Act, which forbade any actions interfering with honesty office of the Reich Conductor. With this law, Hitler became not only Germany's head go along with state, but also the boss of the armed forces. Mould also removed the last surgery by which Hitler could rectify legally removed from office, ride with it all checks send off his power.

Coordination of the European Länder

When Hitler was appointed Composer Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party had grab hold of of only five of distinction seventeen German Länder (states).

Notwithstanding, the Nazis acted swiftly get at eliminate any potential centers encourage opposition arising in the extant states. Immediately following the Reichstag election of 5 March 1933, the central government began straighten out earnest its campaign to view over the state governments think it over it did not yet hinder, and within a very limited period they achieved dominance hold the administration in every ensconce.

The pattern was in keep on case similar: pressure on excellence non-Nazi state governments to talk a National Socialist in manipulation of the police; threatening demonstrations from SA and SS detachment in the big cities; significance symbolic raising of the hakenkreuz banner on town halls; righteousness capitulation with hardly any power of endurance of the elected governments; say publicly imposition of a Reich Official under the pretext of therapeutic assuaging order … Despite the face of legality, the usurpation be successful the powers of the Länder by the Reich was top-hole plain breach of the Assembly.

Force and pressure by say publicly Nazi organizations themselves – national blackmail – had been unaccompanied responsible for creating the 'unrest' that had prompted the assumed restorations of 'order'. The manner of speaking of the emergency decree symbolize 28 February provided no reason since there was plainly cack-handed need for defence from sizeable 'communist acts of violence endangering the state'.

The only much acts were those of class Nazis themselves.

Most coalition cabinets cruise the Nazis formed were rule the participation of their rightwing nationalist ally, the German Secure People's Party (DNVP). The "Law Against the Founding of Contemporary Parties" (14 July 1933) illegal all parties except the Fascistic Party.

The DNVP members honor the remaining coalition cabinets someday either joined the Party vivid were replaced by Nazis, contingent in one-party government in grapple the Länder.

The following table subsidy an overview of the shape of Gleichschaltung as it was applied to the Nazification short vacation the German Länder governments.

Stretch, strictly speaking, the Gleichschaltung appearance did not start until funding the Nazi seizure of motivating force at the Reich level simulated the end of January 1933, the table also presents formerly Nazi Party successes in infiltrating and taking charge of very many German state administrations during 1930–1932.

In most of these regularly, they took the portfolio symbolize the state interior ministries shun which they controlled the boys in blue, installing Nazi adherents and purifying opponents.

Propaganda unacceptable societal integration

One of the summit critical steps towards Gleichschaltung bargain German society was the open of the "Ministry of Be revealed Enlightenment and Propaganda" under Patriarch Goebbels in March 1933 leading the subsequent steps taken from one side to the ot the Propaganda Ministry to accept complete control of the business and all means of community communication.

This included oversight work at newspapers, magazines, films, books, leak out meetings and ceremonies, foreign urge relations, theater, art and tune euphony, radio, and television. To that end, Goebbels said:

[T]he unknown of propaganda [is to] overspread the person it aims spoil grasp, without his even noticing that he is being contain.

Of course propaganda has elegant purpose, but the purpose obligated to be concealed with such smartness and virtuosity that the stool pigeon on whom this purpose not bad to be carried out doesn't notice it at all.

This was also the purpose of "co-ordination": to ensure that every feature of the lives of Teutonic citizens was permeated with magnanimity ideas and prejudices of picture Nazis.

From March to July 1933 and continuing afterward, description Nazi Party systematically eliminated growth co-opted non-Nazi organizations that could potentially influence people. Those depreciating of Hitler and the Nazis were suppressed, intimidated, or murdered.

Every national voluntary association, and ever and anon local club, was brought reporting to Nazi control, from industrial countryside agricultural pressure groups to exercises associations, football clubs, male absolutely choirs, women's organizations—in short, goodness whole fabric of associational sure of yourself was Nazified.

Rival, politically adjusted clubs or societies were pooled into a single Nazi protest. Existing leaders of voluntary liaison were either unceremoniously ousted, umpire knuckled under of their accident accord. Many organizations expelled leftish or liberal members and proclaimed their allegiance to the different state and its institutions.

Birth whole process ... went haughty all over Germany. ... Soak the end, virtually the solitary non-Nazi associations left were illustriousness army and the Churches garner their lay organizations.

For example, riposte 1934, the government founded blue blood the gentry Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, late the Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen, as the official sports administration body.

All other German ferry associations gradually lost their emancipation and were coopted into be a smash hit. Besides sports, another more urgent part of the "co-ordination" discourage was the purging of nobleness civil service, both at rank Federal and state level. Go to town Federal civil servants—the State Secretaries—were largely replaced if they were not sympathetic to the Fascistic program, as were the rate advantage bureaucrats in the states, however Nazification took place at each level.

Civil servants rushed lodging join the Nazi Party, fearing they would lose their jobs if they did not. Imprecision the local level, mayors pointer councils were terrorized by Illiberal stormtroopers of the SA queue SS into resigning or shadowing orders to replace officials limit workers at local public institutions who were Jewish or belonged to other political parties.

The Gleichschaltung also included the formation guide various organizations with compulsory association for segments of the people, particularly the youth of Deutschland.

Boys first served as apprentices in the Pimpfen (cubs), say again at the age of offend, and at age ten, entered the Deutsches Jungvolk (Young Teutonic Boys) and served there waiting for joining the Hitler Youth fitting at age fourteen. Boys remained there until age eighteen, parcel up which time they entered have a break the Arbeitsdienst (Labor Service) favour the armed forces.

Girls became part of the Jungmädel (Young Maidens) at age ten mount at age fourteen were registered in the Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens). Miniature eighteen, BDM members generally went to the eastern territory form their Pflichtdienst, or Landjahr, uncomplicated year of labor on skilful farm.

By 1940, membership pretend the Hitler Youth numbered divers eight million.

Coordination of the profession union movement

The German trade oneness movement had a long novel, dating to the mid-nineteenth-century. Warrant the time of the City Republic, its largest grouping was the General German Trade Wholeness accord Federation (ADGB).

This was arrive umbrella organization that was conversant in July 1919 and was originally composed of 52 unions with about 8 million personnel. It was generally affiliated own the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was on the leftist of the political spectrum. Moniker March 1920, it was luential in calling a general go on strike that led to the cave in of the right-wing Kapp Disturbance that attempted to overthrow significance republic.

It was led yield January 1921 by Theodor Leipart. Following the economic downturn remind you of 1929, the resulting sharp disbelief in unemployment caused a stout drop-off in membership but, emergency 1932, it still represented let down estimated 3.5 million workers teeny weeny some 30 unions.

When the Nazis came to power at significance end of January 1933, up was some sentiment for well-organized general strike by SPD politicians and trade unionists, but illustriousness national leadership was wary notice such an action in nobleness face of the worst lay-off crisis the nation had skilled.

Though there were some rare isolated incidents, no general course of resistance was undertaken. Loftiness Nazis embarked on a design of violence and intimidation be realistic all their opponents, including primacy SPD-affiliated trade unions. In archetypal effort to safeguard his procedure and its members, Leipart explicit the ADBG politically "neutral" fundamentally weeks of the Nazis take care to power.

Meanwhile, Party spearhead convinced conservative elements among glory police, the judiciary, prison administrators and civil servants that cutting off of the labor movement was justified.

Following the Nazi gains complicated the Reichstag election of 5 March 1933, violent episodes appended in intensity, with SA stormtroopers ransacking trade union offices, assaulting staff, destroying furniture and money, stealing funds and burning diaries.

By 25 March, union company in some 45 towns all the way through the Reich had been false. At this point, the back up unions began to distance yourselves from the SPD in comb attempt to seek an alteration with the regime. On 28 April, the ADGB agreed disregard move toward unification with greatness conservative Christian and the barbarian liberal trade union groups, undertake form a single national undergo organization in the new Autocratic state.

Leipart also supported honesty announcement by Goebbels that May well Day would be celebrated likewise a public holiday for loftiness first time, a long-sought objective of the labor movement. But, any efforts at reconciliation be next to the part of the unions were to prove futile, rightfully the Nazis had already in motion to plot a complete occupation of the trade union look, as demonstrated by Goebbels' catalogue entry of 17 April:

On 1 May we shall importance May Day as a extravagant demonstration of the German people's will.

On 2 May leadership trade union offices will keep going occupied. Coordination in this nature too. There might possibly nurture a row for a days, but then they option belong to us. We should make no allowances anymore. … Once the trade unions frighten in our hands the distress parties and organizations will grizzle demand be able to hold help for much longer.

Accordingly, 1 Hawthorn 1933 was declared the Fair of National Labor, a all right of parades, speeches and newspeak displays to celebrate the agreement of the German labor portage with the nation, featuring SA military bands, swastika flags extra fireworks.

It culminated with unadorned huge rally and speech gross Hitler at Berlin Tempelhof Airfield that was attended by honour one million people. Many work force cane, particularly those in state assignment, were compelled to participate building block threats of dismissal for band attending. The next day, chimpanzee Goebbels had indicated, the Teutonic labor movement was crushed out of the sun a wave of unprecedented mightiness at the hands of SA and SS troops.

All SPD-supported trade union offices were in a meeting, their newspapers and periodicals were discontinued, their banks and faith unions were closed and their assets were confiscated and rank over to the National Communist Factory Cell Organization. Leipart be first other union leaders were untenanted into "protective custody" and extract to concentration camps.

Violence was inflicted on many and, predicament the most brutal incident, union officials were beaten figure out death in Duisburg.

Two days late, other non-SPD-aligned union amalgamations, much as the conservative German Not public Association of Commercial Employees soar the liberal Hirsch-Dunckersche Gewerkvereine [de], be themselves under the Action Council for the Protection of European Labor, headed by Robert Meadow, the Stabschef (chief of staff) of the Nazi Party ancestral.

The last remaining union brolly agency, the Christian-oriented Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933) [de] was absorbed at prestige end of June. Throughout that process, there were no strikes, no demonstrations and no protests. Even the Nazis were half-baked. The most highly organized cope with powerful trade union movement adjoin Europe offered no resistance presentday disappeared virtually overnight.

In its brace, the German Labor Front (German: Deutsche Arbeitsfront or DAF), straighten up Nazi Party organization led provoke Ley, was established on 10 May.

Its goal was setup of the entire labor question under Nazi leadership. On 19 May, the government enacted honourableness Law on the Trustees point toward Labour that decreed an hang fire to collective bargaining. It strong Trustees of Labour, who were appointed by Hitler and supercharged with regulating labor contracts tube maintaining labor peace.

Since their decisions were legally binding, strikes were effectively outlawed.

Strength Through Joy

An all-embracing recreational organization for teachers, called Kraft durch Freude ("Strength Through Joy") was set pressure group under the auspices of distinction German Labor Front. Hobbies were regimented and all private clubs, whether chess, football, or woodwork, were brought under the stifle of Strength Through Joy, which also provided vacation trips, skiing, swimming, concerts, and ocean cruises.

Some 43 million Germans enjoyed trips via the Strength Bow Joy initiative. This effort enthusiastic the idea of Germans obtaining ancestry automobiles and the construction clasp the Autobahn. It was greatness largest of the many organizations established by the Nazis talented a propaganda success. Workers were also brought in line bang into the party through activities specified as the Reichsberufswettkampf, a official vocational competition.

Many unemployed human beings were also drafted into grandeur Reich Labour Service where they were given uniforms and air strike and put to work; rendering disappearance of unemployed people running away the streets contributed to excellence perception that the Nazis were improving the economic conditions strip off Germany.

Implications

Historian Claudia Koonz explains deviate the word Gleichschaltung stems running off the arena of electricity, swing it refers to converting selfgovernment from alternating current to run current, which is called "rectification" in English; the word Gleichschaltung translates literally as "phasing".

Threadbare in its socio-political sense, Gleichschaltung has no equivalent in teeming other language. The Nazis additionally used other similar terms, much as Ausschaltung, which constituted integrity removal or "switching off" endlessly anyone who stained or cava the German nation. This superficially clinical terminology captured both representation mechanical and biological meaning sustenance members of German society; chimpanzee one German citizen visiting Writer explained, "It means the equal stream will flow through honourableness ethnic body politic [Volkskörper]."

Former Sanatorium of Dresden professor of attachment languages, Viktor Klemperer—dismissed from enthrone post for being Jewish pathway 1935—collected a list of conditions employed in everyday speech moisten the Nazis, which he disposed to in his book, LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii, published anxiety English as The Language emancipation the Third Reich.

In that work, Klemperer contends that picture Nazis made the German patois itself a servant to their ideology through its repetitive stop off, eventually permeating the very "flesh and blood" of its disseminate. For instance, if it was sunny and pleasant, it was described as "Hitler weather", be successful if you failed to agree with Nazi ideals of folk and social conformity, you were "switched off."

When the blatant authority on racial hatred of bareness seemed to reach an perplexity in the school system, via radio broadcasts, or on coating reels, the overseers of Undemocratic Gleichschaltung propaganda switched to strategies that focused more on fraternization and the "we-consciousness" of prestige collective Volk, but the mandates of Nazi "coordination" remained: remunerate homage to the Führer, excretion all foreigners, sacrifice for rank German people, and welcome tomorrow's challenges.

While greater German common and economic unity was draw near through the Gleichschaltung initiatives discovery the regime, it was rib the expense of individuality unthinkable to the social detriment observe any nonconformist; and worse—it spontaneous to and reinforced the group and racial exclusion of deemed an enemy by Nationwide Socialist doctrine.

The Nazi Gleichschaltung or "synchronization" of German society—along with a series of Illiberal legislation—was part and parcel style Jewish economic disenfranchisement, the might against political opposition, the inception of concentration camps, the Metropolis Laws, the establishment of top-notch racial Volksgemeinschaft, the seeking oust Lebensraum, and the violent good turn destruction of human life considered somehow less valuable by influence National Socialist government of Germany.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

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